Judaism
The term refers to religion or belief, tradition and culture the Jewish people . It is the earliest of the three monotheistic religions more disseminated (along with Christianity and Islam ), also known as "religions of the book " or "Abrahamic " and the youngest of them adherents. Judaism is broken down, historically, the other two.
Although there is no single body to structure and set the dogmatic content of Judaism its practice is based on the teachings of the Torah , also called the Pentateuch , composed, as its name suggests, five books. The Torah or Pentateuch, in turn, is one of the three books that make up the Tanakh (or Old Testament , according to Christianity), which is attributed to divine inspiration.
also play an important role in religious practice the oral tradition, as beliefs, was given to Moses along with the Torah and kept from his time and the prophets. The oral tradition governing the interpretation of the biblical text, the coding and comment. This oral tradition was transcribed, giving rise to the Mishnah , which later became the basis of the Talmud and a huge body exegetical, which runs until today by scholars. The compendium of laws drawn from these texts form the so-called Jewish law or Halacha .
The main feature of the Jewish faith is belief in God an omniscient, omnipotent and provident, that would have created the universe and elected to Jewish people to reveal the law contained in the Ten Commandments and ritual prescriptions the third and fourth books of the Torah . Consequently, the rules derived from such texts and oral tradition are the guidance of Jewish life, but compliance with them varies widely across groups.
Another feature of Judaism, which unlike the other monotheistic religions, is that considered not only as a religion, but also as a tradition and culture . Other religions transcend various nations and cultures, while Judaism is considered the religion and culture of a particular people. Judaism does not demand of non-Jews join the Jewish people or take their religion. Religion culture and the Jewish people can be considered as separate concepts, but are closely interrelated. The Jewish tradition and culture are very diverse and heterogeneous, as it developed in different ways in different communities, and each local community incorporated cultural elements of the different countries where Jews lived from the dispersion .
The tradition goes back to Abraham , called the first Hebrew (the Hebrew עִבְרִי, Ivri, "which comes from the other side"), by have come to the land of Canaan from Mesopotamia , following the call of God (Genesis 12:1), 4000 years ago. Abraham is considered the patriarch of the three major monotheistic faiths, and hence they are known by the name of Abrahamic religions.
Jews are called in the Bible " children of Israel" (Exodus 1:1,7, note the extension in meaning between verse 1 and 7), and hence will be called later, "the people of Israel" or Israelites. name Israel was given to the patriarch Jacob, the grandson of Abraham, the angel who is locked in struggle, who called him to bless Israel (יִשְׂרָאֵל, the Hebrew "one who has fought with God, "Genesis 32:24-28). Jewish name appears only later ( Ester 2:5) and comes from the realm Judah (Hebrew יְהוּדָה, Judah, son of Jacob ), formed by two of the twelve tribes of Israel, and the only remaining after the split between this kingdom and the Israel , and the destruction of the latter and subsequent exile of the ten tribes who were at the hands of Assyria in the year 722 BC " Yahweh, therefore, was very angry with Israel, and removed them from his face and left but not the tribe of Judah. \u200b\u200b"(2 Kings 17:18)
First Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Jewish law (halacha) provides that whoever is born of a Jewish mother, or has made a conversion process (guiur ) led by a rabbi, Jewish community (synagogue) and completed before a beit din (rabbinical court) Orthodox, is Jewish by definition.
Secondly, Conservative Judaism embraces the same points, with the peculiarity that the conversion processes are performed by accepted orthodoxy (a process referred to above) or by the beit din's own Conservative Judaism.
Third, reformers believe they are Jewish people who have " born Jewish parent " or converted to a beit din Orthodox, Conservative or Reform rabbi to a (note that every Reform rabbi has freedom to decide when it becomes a proselyte Jew.) At this point we should add that Reform rabbis who lived in America settled that the children of father Jewish could be considered as such if they received any Jewish education. This is because 57 percent of Jewish men chose to marry outside the group of Jewish women.
Therefore, being Jewish is a matter of physical descent and / or spiritual (spiritual descendants of the patriarchs Abraham, Itzhak and Yacoov). According to the Halacha , a Jewish person can be Christian or Muslim, without losing its formal status but losing Jewish religious and community rights (eg the right to burial in a Jewish cemetery). Despite
all this, converting to Judaism is possible, because in the Talmud mentioned:
Rabbis say: If someone comes and wants to be a convert, they say: "Why do you want to be a convert? Do not you know that Jews are harassed, harassed, chased and cornered, and that many problems afflict? If you answer: "I know I am not worthy", then you are without having to argue anything else.
However, in practice will be an arduous and complex. There was a time when the Christian church considered a grave offense to convert its adherents to Judaism, however, is no advantage, because the Torah be followed by the entire community. It is therefore advocated that there is no kind of advantage to convert to Judaism or reason to encourage conversion.
This item is one of the most difference Judaism or Christianity Islam because the latter two monotheistic religions can belong either to profess and observe their beliefs.
Although there is no single body to structure and set the dogmatic content of Judaism its practice is based on the teachings of the Torah , also called the Pentateuch , composed, as its name suggests, five books. The Torah or Pentateuch, in turn, is one of the three books that make up the Tanakh (or Old Testament , according to Christianity), which is attributed to divine inspiration.
also play an important role in religious practice the oral tradition, as beliefs, was given to Moses along with the Torah and kept from his time and the prophets. The oral tradition governing the interpretation of the biblical text, the coding and comment. This oral tradition was transcribed, giving rise to the Mishnah , which later became the basis of the Talmud and a huge body exegetical, which runs until today by scholars. The compendium of laws drawn from these texts form the so-called Jewish law or Halacha .
The main feature of the Jewish faith is belief in God an omniscient, omnipotent and provident, that would have created the universe and elected to Jewish people to reveal the law contained in the Ten Commandments and ritual prescriptions the third and fourth books of the Torah . Consequently, the rules derived from such texts and oral tradition are the guidance of Jewish life, but compliance with them varies widely across groups.
Another feature of Judaism, which unlike the other monotheistic religions, is that considered not only as a religion, but also as a tradition and culture . Other religions transcend various nations and cultures, while Judaism is considered the religion and culture of a particular people. Judaism does not demand of non-Jews join the Jewish people or take their religion. Religion culture and the Jewish people can be considered as separate concepts, but are closely interrelated. The Jewish tradition and culture are very diverse and heterogeneous, as it developed in different ways in different communities, and each local community incorporated cultural elements of the different countries where Jews lived from the dispersion .
The tradition goes back to Abraham , called the first Hebrew (the Hebrew עִבְרִי, Ivri, "which comes from the other side"), by have come to the land of Canaan from Mesopotamia , following the call of God (Genesis 12:1), 4000 years ago. Abraham is considered the patriarch of the three major monotheistic faiths, and hence they are known by the name of Abrahamic religions.
Jews are called in the Bible " children of Israel" (Exodus 1:1,7, note the extension in meaning between verse 1 and 7), and hence will be called later, "the people of Israel" or Israelites. name Israel was given to the patriarch Jacob, the grandson of Abraham, the angel who is locked in struggle, who called him to bless Israel (יִשְׂרָאֵל, the Hebrew "one who has fought with God, "Genesis 32:24-28). Jewish name appears only later ( Ester 2:5) and comes from the realm Judah (Hebrew יְהוּדָה, Judah, son of Jacob ), formed by two of the twelve tribes of Israel, and the only remaining after the split between this kingdom and the Israel , and the destruction of the latter and subsequent exile of the ten tribes who were at the hands of Assyria in the year 722 BC " Yahweh, therefore, was very angry with Israel, and removed them from his face and left but not the tribe of Judah. \u200b\u200b"(2 Kings 17:18)
Who is a Jew?
Jewish identity does not depend primarily on the acceptance of beliefs or follow-up of a model of living. There are two versions of who make up the Jewish religion.First Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Jewish law (halacha) provides that whoever is born of a Jewish mother, or has made a conversion process (guiur ) led by a rabbi, Jewish community (synagogue) and completed before a beit din (rabbinical court) Orthodox, is Jewish by definition.
Secondly, Conservative Judaism embraces the same points, with the peculiarity that the conversion processes are performed by accepted orthodoxy (a process referred to above) or by the beit din's own Conservative Judaism.
Third, reformers believe they are Jewish people who have " born Jewish parent " or converted to a beit din Orthodox, Conservative or Reform rabbi to a (note that every Reform rabbi has freedom to decide when it becomes a proselyte Jew.) At this point we should add that Reform rabbis who lived in America settled that the children of father Jewish could be considered as such if they received any Jewish education. This is because 57 percent of Jewish men chose to marry outside the group of Jewish women.
Therefore, being Jewish is a matter of physical descent and / or spiritual (spiritual descendants of the patriarchs Abraham, Itzhak and Yacoov). According to the Halacha , a Jewish person can be Christian or Muslim, without losing its formal status but losing Jewish religious and community rights (eg the right to burial in a Jewish cemetery). Despite
all this, converting to Judaism is possible, because in the Talmud mentioned:
Rabbis say: If someone comes and wants to be a convert, they say: "Why do you want to be a convert? Do not you know that Jews are harassed, harassed, chased and cornered, and that many problems afflict? If you answer: "I know I am not worthy", then you are without having to argue anything else.
However, in practice will be an arduous and complex. There was a time when the Christian church considered a grave offense to convert its adherents to Judaism, however, is no advantage, because the Torah be followed by the entire community. It is therefore advocated that there is no kind of advantage to convert to Judaism or reason to encourage conversion.
This item is one of the most difference Judaism or Christianity Islam because the latter two monotheistic religions can belong either to profess and observe their beliefs.
Judaism Basics
These are some of the principles that underpin the Jewish religion, or characterize.- Judaism is based on the Tanach (what Christians call the Old Testament), a compendium of 24 books that tells the story of man and the Jews, from the Creation to the construction of the Second Temple , and also includes religious precepts, moral and legal, philosophy, prophecies, and poetry, among others. His first five books, collectively known by the name of "Torah " or "Pentateuch " are considered written by divine inspiration and therefore sacred, and public reading in the synagogue Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays fundamental part of Jewish worship, which has earned the Jewish people as the 'People of the Book. " The
- Torah is the primary source of the seven basic moral precepts that bind all human beings as such (" The seven precepts of Noah's sons "; Genesis 9:1 -7), and the 613 religious precepts that bind the Jews ( 613 mitzvot): 365 imposed refrain from action, one for each day of the year, and 248 precepts that make a positive force, one for each organ of the body. Biblical precepts are discussed, explained, expanded and implemented by the different writing exegesis who recorded the oral traditions: the Mishnah and set where it is included: the Talmud.
- legal precepts, ethical, moral and religious emanating from the Torah, and along with his explanation of the Mishnah form the main legal body of Judaism, the Talmud, known as the Jewish law or Halacha ( הֲלָכָה, "path"), whose source compiled mainly recognized by Jews around the world, not to mention a rich and extensive literature halachic over the centuries, the medieval book " Shulchan Aruch" (שֻׂלְחָן עָרוּךְ, "the set table" .) The commandments of the Halacha command the full cycle of observant Jewish life, from circumcision at birth (Genesis 17:10), to food (the kosher , כַּשְׁרוּת , Leviticus 11:1-47 ), the intimate ( Leviticus 12:1-8 ), clothing ( Leviticus 19:19 ), and thus all major milestones in the life of man, until his death.
- The most solemn prayer of the Jewish religion, which embodies the very essence of monotheistic belief, appears in the fifth and final book in the Torah: "Hear, O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One" (שְׁמַע יִשְׂרָאֵל, ה 'אֱלֹהֵינוּ, ה 'אֶחָד; Shema Israel, Adonai Eloheinu, Adonai Echad Deuteronomy 6:4 ). Believers are using it twice a day, morning prayers (שַׂחֲרִית, Shacharit) and afternoon (עַרְבִית, Arvit ).
- The Jewish symbol par excellence of our day is the star of David (מָגֶן דָוִד, Magen David, "shield of David", see template above), named for the belief that King David adopted him as a symbol of his coat of arms in war and its soldiers, though it appears in its present meaning much later, to the Middle Ages . The oldest known symbol of Judaism is the seven-branched candelabrum ritual (מְנוֹרָה, the Menorah ), formerly called the Tabernacle ( Exodus 25:31-40 ) and then the first (1 Kings 7:49) and Second Temple of Jerusalem.
- Jewish life is governed by a calendar based on the combination of the monthly cycle of lunar and solar year, which dates back to biblical times, and which govern festivities and rituals religion until today.
- The Jewish holiday is the most revered Shabbat (Hebrew שַׂבָּת, Saturday , "rest, cessation of activity," Genesis 2:2-3 ), considered sacred and exceeded in solemnity, only the Day of Atonement or Yom Kippur precisely also called Saturday for Saturday. " Its relevance in Jewish life is such that it is included among the Ten Commandments , estimated divine word ( Exodus 20:8-11 , Deuteronomy 5:12-15 ).
- The leadership of the traditional Jewish community is in the hands of Rabbi , cultured and learned person in the Halacha that leads his acolytes not only in the spiritual and religious, celebrating the Jewish worship, their festivals and celebrations, but that earns the respect of his flock as a moral authority and community leader, offering advice, solving problems and settle all disputes that may arise between its members.
- The Jewish worship celebrated in church or synagogue , which also serves as a meeting place and community meeting, for which prayer in public order requires a minimum of ten men . The synagogue replaced in that capacity to Jerusalem Temple, destroyed in 70 AD and unique place of prayer and pilgrimage to his death. Similarly, the sacrificial rituals performed there paths were replaced by prayers, the pious Jew rises three times a day: at dawn (שַׂחֲרִית, Shacharit), afternoon (מִנְחָה, Mincha) and evening (עַרְבִית, Arvit .) On holidays you add a fourth to mid-morning (מוּסָף, Musaf ), and only on Yom Kippur closes the celebration with a fifth prayer (נְעִילָה, Ne'ilá ).
- Religion and the Jewish people have always devoted themselves to the land of Israel , the sacred land, as one of the major routes, and from the very beginning (Genesis 12:7) making it an integral part of the Jewish idiosyncrasies: the world is divided between the Holy Land and all the rest called diaspora . Thus, the synagogues around the world are built up to Israel, the prayers and festivities are consistent with its climate and seasons, many of the requirements can be met only by stepping on its soil, to name a few. Within the land of Israel is Jerusalem a unique place in Jewish devotion, and within the city the remains of the Temple of Solomon , the " Wailing Wall " is considered the most sacred sites. Share their status as holy Jerusalem, to a lesser extent, the cities of Hebron, Safed and Tiberias.
- The Jewish people were identified from the beginning with the Hebrew , considered "sacred language" (לְשׁוֹן הַקּׁדֶשׁ, leshon HaKodesh ), which are written in the Torah and the bulk of Jewish literature. Relegated to the status of a dead language for centuries, devoted to prayer, literature and legal texts and theological, was recovered as a spoken language and modernized with the resurgence of Zionism and adopted as an official language of the State of Israel.
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